Automations and Quantum theorems

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Quantum Superpositions provides a mechanism for directing information in the space.  Information directed in a continuum of directions, by superimposing localized states at neighboring locations with constant relative phase between them.   What, in a synthesis of Classic Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics’ concepts gives momentum to the Information Flow.  After 2001 studies devoted to Quantum Computation started to shade a completely new light over the gaussian shape, finally answering the fundamental question: why the vast majority of all observed phenomenons shows itself dressed in that shape ?    In few words, we could say that the Principle of Superposition, yet in its Classic form, results so basic to influence nearly all further aspects related one way or another to the measurements or observations.   We introduced in other pages the Modern version of the Principle of Superposition and related Theory of Measurement, conceived in 1957.   As seen by that modern perspective, also all technological applications based over the Programmable Logic Controllers (or, automata) assuring Machinery operation, can be more completely and precisely conceived in the Quantum framework.

QUESTION:  

Does the new version of the Principle of Superposition applies to the industrial machinery and controls ?

ANSWER:

Strictly.  The new scenario was conceived for systems equipped and behaving the same identical way all microprocessor-based automatic machines and controls are equipped.  


Devices with memory and capability to process measurements values incoming by sensors and data into its memory, to decide future actions.  In the following, we’ll directly quote Everett’s words (in DeWitt, 1973, page 64) to clear this relevant point:  


1957

“As models for observers we can, if we wish, consider automatically functioning machines, possessing sensory apparata and coupled to recording devices capable of registering past sensory data and machine configurations.   We can further suppose that the machine is so constructed that its present actions shall be determined not only by its present sensory data, but by the contents of its memory as well.   Such a machine will then be capable of performing a sequence of observations (measurements), and furthermore of deciding upon its future experiments on the basis of past results.   

 A glimpse to the true nature of all Measurements: the fabric of a 2-brane is a web of bifurcations and interferences.  Measurements are both topologic changes, bifurcations or interferences, experienced by the topologic variety, whose character is visibly and markedly multiply-connected (  Michael Boris Green/1986)



We note that if we consider that current sensory data, as well as machine configuration, is immediately recorded in the memory, then the actions of the machine at a given instant can be regarded as a function of the memory contents only, and all relevant experience of the machine is contained in the memory.    For such machines we are justified in using such phrases as the machine has perceived A or the machine is aware of A if the occurrence of A is represented in the memory, since the future behavior of the machine will be based upon the occurrence of A.   In fact, all of the customary language of subjective experience is quite applicable to such machines, and forms the most natural and useful mode of expression when dealing with their behavior, as is well known to individuals who work with complex automata”.   The text quoted before can be depicted in an intuitive image.  One where the minkowskian world-sheet described in other web pages, is swept out by stringlike particles as they move and interact in spacetime (see figure above at right side). 


 


 The modern version of the Principle of Superposition is a straight explanation of the process of measurement and of the deriving superposition of states, withouth anything else added.  It is firmly based and continously reconfirmed by an impressive amount of experiments and practical technological applications.  Each spectrum of light evidences quantum superposition

 

“...a logic gate switching does more than satisfy all of the requirements of a branching:  

it is the living example of a bifurcation”


What above had been proved true in the most permanent way: theorems.  What is the effect of the quantum superposition of states over an entire Bottling Control, composed of so many subsystems, is a question whose answer is time consuming.   To really understand what is going on, it is vital to apply the cartesian view about the necessity to clear our inner scenario before to acquire new ideas, finally perceiving unknown facts for what they are: facts.    As an example, there is not a widespread comprehension that a logic gate switching does much more than satisfy all of the requirements of a branching (or its apparent opposite, the merging): 

  1. it is the living example of a bifurcation;
  2. its inherent information flow, structures the Multiverse. 



2001

          David Deutsch 

The Structure of the Multiverse



In 2001 these ideas were object of a deep mathematical insight by the physicist David Deutsch, Oxford University, at Oxford, United Kingdom, over the beneficial revolution started by Schroedinger in 1927 and continued by Everett in 1957.  Further details in the PDF document below on right side.  A document whose consultation is strongly recommended to Electronics and Instrumentation Maintenance Managers and Engineers. It looks at the common logic gates of the every day Electronics, as seen from the vantage point of the most modern Physics.   There, with the formalism and notation appearing in the couple of graphics below, the Author introduces his point of view, today one winning increasing support, quoted below:   

“…..have explained the power of quantum computation in terms of ‘quantum parallelism’ (many classical computations occurring in parallel).    



  History of a computation in a topologic perspective, comprised between three Cauchy surfaces: a spacetime splitting (  abridged by Earman J./2008)   

However, if reality – which in this context is called the multiverse – is indeed literally quantum-mechanical, then it must have a great deal more structure than merely a collection of entities each resembling the universe of classical physics.  For one thing, elements of such a collection would indeed be ‘parallel’: they would have no effect on each other, and would therefore not exhibit quantum interference.    For another, a ‘universe’ is a global construct – say, the whole of space and its contents at a given time – but since quantum interactions are local, it must in the first instance be local physical systems, such as qubits, measuring instruments and observers, that are split into multiple copies, and this multiplicity must propagate across the multiverse at subluminal speeds. And for another, the Hilbert space structure of quantum states provides an infinity of ways of slicing up the multiverse into ‘universes’, each way corresponding to a choice of basis. This is reminiscent of the infinity of ways in which one can slice (or, foliate) a spacetime into spacelike hypersurfaces in the general theory of relativity.   Given such a foliation, the theory partitions physical quantities into those “within” each of the hypersurfaces and those that relate hypersurfaces to each other.  In this paper I shall sketch a somewhat analogous theory for a model of the multiverse. The quantum theory of computation is useful in this investigation because, as we shall see, the structure of the multiverse is determined by information flow, and the universality of computation ensures that by studying quantum computational networks it is possible to obtain results about information flow that must also hold for quantum systems in general.  This approach was used (…) to analyse information flow in the presence of entanglement. 


   History of a computation, as seen by the classic perspective.  b is a parameter whose value is referred to the time parameter t, and whose initial state is b(0) = β.   A bidimensional graph  represents correctly the occurring computation 

 History of a computation, as seen by the quantum perspective.  A 2D graph cannot fully represent it.  It is replaced by an infinitely wider space, a 3D including a 2D slice which is the classic perspective.  Here, the information flow structures the graph Topology (  Deutsch/2001)






In that analysis, as in this one, no quantitative definition of information is required; the following two qualitative properties suffice:

Information Flow structure Topology. David Deutsch, physicist at Oxford University and founder of Quantum Computation. In 2001 these ideas were object of a deep mathematical insight by the physicist David Deutsch, Oxford University, at Oxford, United Kingdom, over the beneficial revolution started by Schroedinger in 1927 and continued by Everett in 1957. Further details in the PDF document below on right side. A document whose consultation is strongly recommended to Electronics and Instrumentation Maintenance Managers and Engineers. It looks at the common logic gates of the every day Electronics, as seen from the vantage point of the most modern Physics. There, with the formalism and notation appearing in the couple of graphics below, the Author introduces his point of view, today one winning increasing support, quoted below: “…..have explained the power of quantum computation in terms of ‘quantum parallelism’ (many classical computations occurring in parallel). However, if reality – which in this context is called the multiverse – is indeed literally quantum-mechanical, then it must have a great deal more structure than merely a collection of entities each resembling the universe of classical physics. For one thing, elements of such a collection would indeed be ‘parallel’: they would have no effect on each other, and would therefore not exhibit quantum interference. For another, a ‘universe’ is a global construct – say, the whole of space and its contents at a given time – but since quantum interactions are local, it must in the first instance be local physical systems, such as qubits, measuring instruments and observers, that are split into multiple copies, and this multiplicity must propagate across the multiverse at subluminal speeds. And for another, the Hilbert space structure of quantum states provides an infinity of ways of slicing up the multiverse into ‘universes’, each way corresponding to a choice of basis. This is reminiscent of the infinity of ways in which one can slice (“foliate”) a spacetime into spacelike hypersurfaces in the general theory of relativity. Given such a foliation, the theory partitions physical quantities into those “within” each of the hypersurfaces and those that relate hypersurfaces to each other. In this paper I shall sketch a somewhat analogous theory for a model of the multiverse. The quantum theory of computation is useful in this investigation because, as we shall see, the structure of the multiverse is determined by information flow, and the universality of computation ensures that by studying quantum computational networks it is possible to obtain results about information flow that must also hold for quantum systems in general. This approach was used (…) to analyse information flow in the presence of entanglement. (…) an entity S qualifies as a ‘physical system' if (but not necessarily only if) it is possible to store information in S and later to retrieve it. That is to say, it must be possible to cause S to satisfy the condition of Property 1 for containing information about some parameter b. It is implicit in this, and in Properties 1 and 2, that b must be capable of taking more than one possible value, so there must exist some suitable sense in which if S contained different information it would still be the same physical system. This condition raises interesting questions about the counter-factual nature of information which it will not be necessary to address here. It is also necessary that S be identifiable as the same system over time. This is particularly straightforward if S is causally autonomous – that is to say, if its evolution depends on nothing outside itself.” Readers may infer the rationale lying behind the words pronounced above by David Deutsch also by Cobordism. Cobordism basic generators, visible below, and their relations allow to see how the superposition of bifurcations and interferences, buildup important mathematical-physico-chemical properties underlying all objects. Associativity and commutativity properties, the definition of unit or all their inverse functions. The breakthrough (mainly due to the British physicist Michael Boris Greene) is that all these fundamental relations, are modelling from the microscopic scales the entire world as it look likes as seen from our macroscopic scales. From a few basic generators it arise the impressive complexity of all objects, complexity visible by our macroscopic viewpoint. What precedes has a multitude of far reaching consequences. Also, a direct step from Topology and Differential Geometry at the Quantum level, to the Quantum Computation applications. (…) an entity S qualifies as a ‘physical system' if (but not necessarily only if) it is possible to store information in S and later to retrieve it. That is to say, it must be possible to cause S to satisfy the condition of Property 1 for containing information about some parameter b. It is implicit in this, and in Properties 1 and 2, that b must be capable of taking more than one possible value, so there must exist some suitable sense in which if S contained different information it would still be the same physical system. This condition raises interesting questions about the counter-factual nature of information which it will not be necessary to address here. It is also necessary that S be identifiable as the same system over time. This is particularly straightforward if S is causally autonomous – that is to say, if its evolution depends on nothing outside itself.” Readers may infer the rationale lying behind the words pronounced above by David Deutsch also by Cobordism. Cobordism basic generators, visible below, and their relations allow to see how the superposition of bifurcations and interferences, buildup important mathematical-physico-chemical properties underlying all objects. Associativity and commutativity properties, the definition of unit or all their inverse functions. The breakthrough (mainly due to the British physicist Michael Boris Greene) is that all these fundamental relations, are modelling from the microscopic scales the entire world as it look likes as seen from our macroscopic scales. From a few basic generators it arise the impressive complexity of all objects, complexity visible by our macroscopic viewpoint. What precedes has a multitude of far reaching consequences. Also, a direct step from Topology and Differential Geometry at the Quantum level, to the Quantum Computation applications. In that analysis, as in this one, no quantitative definition of information is required; the following two qualitative properties suffice: Information Flow structure Topology. David Deutsch, physicist at Oxford University and founder of Quantum Computation (…) an entity S qualifies as a ‘physical system' if (but not necessarily only if) it is possible to store information in S and later to retrieve it. That is to say, it must be possible to cause S to satisfy the condition of Property 1 for containing information about some parameter b. It is implicit in this, and in Properties 1 and 2, that b must be capable of taking more than one possible value, so there must exist some suitable sense in which if S contained different information it would still be the same physical system. This condition raises interesting questions about the counter-factual nature of information which it will not be necessary to address here. It is also necessary that S be identifiable as the same system over time. This is particularly straightforward if S is causally autonomous – that is to say, if its evolution depends on nothing outside itself.” Readers may infer the rationale lying behind the words pronounced above by David Deutsch also by Cobordism. Cobordism basic generators, visible below, and their relations allow to see how the superposition of bifurcations and interferences, buildup important mathematical-physico-chemical properties underlying all objects. Associativity and commutativity properties, the definition of unit or all their inverse functions. The breakthrough (mainly due to the British physicist Michael Boris Greene) is that all these fundamental relations, are modelling from the microscopic scales the entire world as it look likes as seen from our macroscopic scales. From a few basic generators it arise the impressive complexity of all objects, complexity visible by our macroscopic viewpoint. What precedes has a multitude of far reaching consequences. Also, a direct step from Topology and Differential Geometry at the Quantum level, to the Quantum Computation applications. Property 1: A physical system S contains information about a parameter b if (though not necessarily only if) the probability of some outcome of some measurement on S alone depends on b. Property 2: A physical system S contains no information about b if (and for present purposes we need not take a position about ‘only if’) there exists a complete description of S that is independent of b.
  • Property 1:  A physical system S contains information about a parameter b if (though not necessarily only if) the probability of some outcome of some measurement on S alone depends on b.
  • Property 2:  A physical system S contains no information about b if (and for present purposes we need not take a position about ‘only if’) there exists a complete description of S that is independent of b.


 David Deutsch, physicist at Oxford University and founder of Quantum Computation














(…) an entity S qualifies as a ‘physical system' if (but not necessarily only if) it is possible to store information in S and later to retrieve it.  That is to say, it must be possible to cause S to satisfy the condition of Property 1 for containing information about some parameter b.  It is implicit in this, and in Properties 1 and 2, that b must be capable of taking more than one possible value, so there must exist some suitable sense in which if S contained different information it would still be the same physical system.  This condition raises interesting questions about the counter-factual nature of information which it will not be necessary to address here.  It is also necessary that S be identifiable as the same system over time.  This is particularly straightforward if S is causally autonomous – that is to say, if its evolution depends on nothing outside itself.”  Readers may infer the rationale lying behind the words pronounced above by David Deutsch also by Cobordism. Cobordism basic generators, visible below, and their relations allow to see how the superpositions of bifurcations and interferences, buildup important physico-chemical properties underlying all objects. Associativity and commutativity properties, the definition of unit or all their inverse functions.  The breakthrough (also due to the British physicist Michael Boris Greene) is that all these fundamental relations, are modelling from the microscopic scales the entire world as it looks like, as seen from our macroscopic scales.  From a few basic generators it arises the impressive complexity of all objects, complexity visible by our macroscopic viewpoint.  What precedes has a multitude of far reaching consequences.  Also, a direct step from Topology and Differential Geometry at the Quantum level, to the Quantum Computation applications.   

Cobordism. Information flow and Topology. Quantum for Automatic Machines. After 2001 studies devoted to Quantum Computation started to shade a completely new, unexpected light also over the gaussian shape, finally answering the fundamental question: why the vast majority of all observed phenomenons show that shape ? In few words, we could say that the Principle of Superposition, yet in its Classic form, results so basic to influence nearly all further aspects related one way or another to the measurements or observations. But, we introduced in other pages the Modern version of the Principle of Superposition and related Theory of Measurement, conceived in 1957. And, as seen by that modern perspective, also all technological applications based over the Programmable Logic Controllers (or, automata) assuring Machinery operation, can be more completely and precisely conceived in the Quantum framework. QUESTION: A first glimpse to the true nature of Measurements: the fabric of a 2-brane is a web of bifurcations and interferences. Measurements are both topologic changes, bifurcations or interferences, experienced by the topologic variety, whose character is visibly multiply-connected A first glimpse to the true nature of the measurements: the fabric of a 2-brane is a web of bifurcations and interferences. Measurements are both topologic changes, bifurcations or interferences, experienced by the topologic variety, whose character is visibly multiply-connected ( M. Green/1986) Does the new version of the Principle of Superposition applies to the industrial machinery and controls ? ANSWER: Strictly. The new scenario was conceived for systems equipped and behaving the same identical way all microprocessor-based automatic machines and controls are equipped. Devices with memory and capability to process measurements values incoming by sensors and data into its memory, to decide future actions. In the following, we’ll directly quote Everett’s words (in DeWitt, 1973, page 64) to clear this relevant point: 1957 “As models for observers we can, if we wish, consider automatically functioning machines, possessing sensory apparata and coupled to recording devices capable of registering past sensory data and machine configurations. We can further suppose that the machine is so constructed that its present actions shall be determined not only by its present sensory data, but by the contents of its memory as well. Such a machine will then be capable of performing a sequence of observations (measurements), and furthermore of deciding upon its future experiments on the basis of past results. We note that if we consider that current sensory data, as well as machine configuration, is immediately recorded in the memory, then the actions of the machine at a given instant can be regarded as a function of the memory contents only, and all relevant experience of the machine is contained in the memory. For such machines we are justified in using such phrases as the machine has perceived A or the machine is aware of A if the occurrence of A is represented in the memory, since the future behavior of the machine will be based upon the occurrence of A. In fact, all of the customary language of subjective experience is quite applicable to such machines, and forms the most natural and useful mode of expression when dealing with their behavior, as is well known to individuals who work with complex automata”. What before can be depicted in an intuitive image, one where the minkowskian world-sheet introduced in the starting sections of this web page, is swept out by stringlike particles as they move and interact in spacetime (see figure above at right side). What above had been proved in the most stable way: theorems. What is the effect of the quantum superposition of states over an entire Bottling Control, composed of so many subsystems, is a question whose answer is time consuming. To really understand what is going on, it is vital to apply the cartesian view about the necessity to clear our inner scenario before to acquire new ideas, finally perceiving unknown facts for what they are: facts. As an example, there is not a widespread comprehension that a logic gate switching does much more than satisfy all of the requirements of a branching (or its apparent opposite, the merging): it is the living example of a bifurcation; its inherent information flow, structures the Multiverse. In 2001 these ideas were object of a deep mathematical insight by the physicist David Deutsch, Oxford University, at Oxford, United Kingdom, over the beneficial revolution started by Schroedinger in 1927 and continued by Everett in 1957. Further details in the PDF document below on right side. A document whose consultation is strongly recommended to Electronics and Instrumentation Maintenance Managers and Engineers. It looks at the common logic gates of the every day Electronics, as seen from the vantage point of the most modern Physics. There, with the formalism and notation appearing in the couple of graphics below, the Author introduces his point of view, today one winning increasing support, quoted below: “…..have explained the power of quantum computation in terms of ‘quantum parallelism’ (many classical computations occurring in parallel). However, if reality – which in this context is called the multiverse – is indeed literally quantum-mechanical, then it must have a great deal more structure than merely a collection of entities each resembling the universe of classical physics. For one thing, elements of such a collection would indeed be ‘parallel’: they would have no effect on each other, and would therefore not exhibit quantum interference. For another, a ‘universe’ is a global construct – say, the whole of space and its contents at a given time – but since quantum interactions are local, it must in the first instance be local physical systems, such as qubits, measuring instruments and observers, that are split into multiple copies, and this multiplicity must propagate across the multiverse at subluminal speeds. And for another, the Hilbert space structure of quantum states provides an infinity of ways of slicing up the multiverse into ‘universes’, each way corresponding to a choice of basis. This is reminiscent of the infinity of ways in which one can slice (“foliate”) a spacetime into spacelike hypersurfaces in the general theory of relativity. Given such a foliation, the theory partitions physical quantities into those “within” each of the hypersurfaces and those that relate hypersurfaces to each other. In this paper I shall sketch a somewhat analogous theory for a model of the multiverse. The quantum theory of computation is useful in this investigation because, as we shall see, the structure of the multiverse is determined by information flow, and the universality of computation ensures that by studying quantum computational networks it is possible to obtain results about information flow that must also hold for quantum systems in general. This approach was used (…) to analyse information flow in the presence of entanglement. In that analysis, as in this one, no quantitative definition of information is required; the following two qualitative properties suffice: Information Flow structure Topology Property 1: A physical system S contains information about a parameter b if (though not necessarily only if) the probability of some outcome of some measurement on S alone depends on b. Property 2: A physical system S contains no information about b if (and for present purposes we need not take a position about ‘only if’) there exists a complete description of S that is independent of b. (…) an entity S qualifies as a ‘physical system’ if (but not necessarily only if) it is possible to store information in S and later to retrieve it. That is to say, it must be possible to cause S to satisfy the condition of Property 1 for containing information about some parameter b. It is implicit in this, and in Properties 1 and 2, that b must be capable of taking more than one possible value, so there must exist some suitable sense in which if S contained different information it would still be the same physical system. This condition raises interesting questions about the counter-factual nature of information which it will not be necessary to address here. It is also necessary that S be identifiable as the same system over time. This is particularly straightforward if S is causally autonomous – that is to say, if its evolution depends on nothing outside itself.”

 Cobordism basic generators and relations allow to perceive David Deutsch’s words rationale.  The basic bifurcations and interferences satisfy a wide spectra of mathematical relations.  An immediate direct step from the Topology at the Quantum level to the Quantum Computation 


Links to pages about related subjects:

IntroductionIn the Industrial Automation and Electronic Inspection fields, however named and operatively disguised, Triggers play the role of the most elementary measurement instruments. Simpler than any single-channel (e.g., the High Frequency fill level inspection) or multi-channel (for example, all camera-based inspections) analog-digital variable measurement system, and a permanent input device to the Programmable Logic Controllers' (PLCs) for the automations. …

constructive interference-2. A few definite steps allow to fully recognise the nature of the Events and the action and function of the devices part of the industrial machinery and of the equipments to count and relate them (e.g., Triggers, microprocessors, PLCs, etc.). As an initial step, it is necessary to understand that the 4D space-time described by Minkowski and Einstein between 1905 and 1907, still presented as a basic concept to the future Electronics or Electrotechnics Engineers, is no more since long time witheld a theory representing the reality outcoming by the of the experiments. A key point regards Time. Time has been in the past considered to be the fundamental phenomena underlying Dynamics. Until 1907 all the 3D spatial environment was considered stratified by the universally valid time coordinate t. The relativistic point of view about Time and Events conceived in 1907 a 3D flat space labelled by mean of the Time parameter t. Time continued to allow to order sequentially all the physical Events, as an example, the measures of a Physical property like the spin or its collective counterpart, polarisation. Events identified with 3+1 coordinates. Still a single-history concept, where a bulk of flat 3D spatial hypersurfaces is crossed by one perpendicular time-like straight line and definite corrections have to be applied to times and distances to account for the relative speedths of the moving bodies. Single-history concept of 1908 by the laymen still today imagined the environment we are inhabiting. Ambiguity in the identification of the Events by their timing In 1915, Einstein in its General Relativity revised deeply Minkowski's idea of 1907, applying new principles (general covariance and equivalence) over topological spaces. Since then, Time has no more the unambigously defined meaning of Event-identifier it had before. The topological spaces to whom we are referring are the Manifolds, resembling near each one point the known Euclidean space. The neighbourhood of each point of an N-dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to the Euclidean space of dimension N. The simplest 1D manifolds are the curves and the circles, and the 2D manifolds are named surfaces (e.g., plane, sphere). Relativity conceives we, our devices and Machinery be living in a higher dimensional differentiable Manifold M. Readers may figure out what is meant as “differentiable Manifold” recalling the 2D surface of the Earth or the waves formed in a water surface by one point source, like the liquid manifolds below.

Objects and Measurements’ hidden Nature  In 1915 Einstein extended Relativity Theory to include also some of the ideas underlined by the figure on side. To every point of a curved differentiable manifold …

Triggers. Sharp and Unsharp SignalsTriggered is said of Events with the most strict kind of correlation which may be imagined: the causative. Their effects are other Events. After the introduction given here…

Classic Superposition

Classic ViewAll the engineers engaged on a daily base with calibration operations in the equipments and machinery part of Food and Beverage Production Lines, know they continously apply an idea named Principle of Superposition. …

Quantum version Principle of Superposition

The Far Reaching Consequences of aPh.D DissertationWhen treating the ideas of Relativity, we saw the Relativity Principle implying infinite 3D spaces associated to each instant of time, which in turn implies that the world is at least 4-dimensional. …

Quantum in Brief With reference to the figure on side, a quantum system is specified by: Hilbert space H : a subset of the Banach space, whose rays are non-nil complex-valued vectors each of them representing possible states of a physical system.…

Quantum for Automatic Machines. After 2001 studies devoted to Quantum Computation started to shade a completely new, unexpected light also over the gaussian shape, finally answering the fundamental question: why the vast majority of all observed phenomenons show that shape ? In few words, we could say that the Principle of Superposition, yet in its Classic form, results so basic to influence nearly all further aspects related one way or another to the measurements or observations. But, we introduced in other pages the Modern version of the Principle of Superposition and related Theory of Measurement, conceived in 1957. And, as seen by that modern perspective, also all technological applications based over the Programmable Logic Controllers (or, automata) assuring Machinery operation, can be more completely and precisely conceived in the Quantum framework. QUESTION: A first glimpse to the true nature of Measurements: the fabric of a 2-brane is a web of bifurcations and interferences. Measurements are both topologic changes, bifurcations or interferences, experienced by the topologic variety, whose character is visibly multiply-connected A first glimpse to the true nature of the measurements: the fabric of a 2-brane is a web of bifurcations and interferences. Measurements are both topologic changes, bifurcations or interferences, experienced by the topologic variety, whose character is visibly multiply-connected ( M. Green/1986) Does the new version of the Principle of Superposition applies to the industrial machinery and controls ? ANSWER: Strictly. The new scenario was conceived for systems equipped and behaving the same identical way all microprocessor-based automatic machines and controls are equipped. Devices with memory and capability to process measurements values incoming by sensors and data into its memory, to decide future actions. In the following, we’ll directly quote Everett’s words (in DeWitt, 1973, page 64) to clear this relevant point: 1957 “As models for observers we can, if we wish, consider automatically functioning machines, possessing sensory apparata and coupled to recording devices capable of registering past sensory data and machine configurations. We can further suppose that the machine is so constructed that its present actions shall be determined not only by its present sensory data, but by the contents of its memory as well. Such a machine will then be capable of performing a sequence of observations (measurements), and furthermore of deciding upon its future experiments on the basis of past results. We note that if we consider that current sensory data, as well as machine configuration, is immediately recorded in the memory, then the actions of the machine at a given instant can be regarded as a function of the memory contents only, and all relevant experience of the machine is contained in the memory. For such machines we are justified in using such phrases as the machine has perceived A or the machine is aware of A if the occurrence of A is represented in the memory, since the future behavior of the machine will be based upon the occurrence of A. In fact, all of the customary language of subjective experience is quite applicable to such machines, and forms the most natural and useful mode of expression when dealing with their behavior, as is well known to individuals who work with complex automata”. What before can be depicted in an intuitive image, one where the minkowskian world-sheet introduced in the starting sections of this web page, is swept out by stringlike particles as they move and interact in spacetime (see figure above at right side). What above had been proved in the most stable way: theorems. What is the effect of the quantum superposition of states over an entire Bottling Control, composed of so many subsystems, is a question whose answer is time consuming. To really understand what is going on, it is vital to apply the cartesian view about the necessity to clear our inner scenario before to acquire new ideas, finally perceiving unknown facts for what they are: facts. As an example, there is not a widespread comprehension that a logic gate switching does much more than satisfy all of the requirements of a branching (or its apparent opposite, the merging): it is the living example of a bifurcation; its inherent information flow, structures the Multiverse. In 2001 these ideas were object of a deep mathematical insight by the physicist David Deutsch, Oxford University, at Oxford, United Kingdom, over the beneficial revolution started by Schroedinger in 1927 and continued by Everett in 1957. Further details in the PDF document below on right side. A document whose consultation is strongly recommended to Electronics and Instrumentation Maintenance Managers and Engineers. It looks at the common logic gates of the every day Electronics, as seen from the vantage point of the most modern Physics. There, with the formalism and notation appearing in the couple of graphics below, the Author introduces his point of view, today one winning increasing support, quoted below: “…..have explained the power of quantum computation in terms of ‘quantum parallelism’ (many classical computations occurring in parallel). However, if reality – which in this context is called the multiverse – is indeed literally quantum-mechanical, then it must have a great deal more structure than merely a collection of entities each resembling the universe of classical physics. For one thing, elements of such a collection would indeed be ‘parallel’: they would have no effect on each other, and would therefore not exhibit quantum interference. For another, a ‘universe’ is a global construct – say, the whole of space and its contents at a given time – but since quantum interactions are local, it must in the first instance be local physical systems, such as qubits, measuring instruments and observers, that are split into multiple copies, and this multiplicity must propagate across the multiverse at subluminal speeds. And for another, the Hilbert space structure of quantum states provides an infinity of ways of slicing up the multiverse into ‘universes’, each way corresponding to a choice of basis. This is reminiscent of the infinity of ways in which one can slice (“foliate”) a spacetime into spacelike hypersurfaces in the general theory of relativity. Given such a foliation, the theory partitions physical quantities into those “within” each of the hypersurfaces and those that relate hypersurfaces to each other. In this paper I shall sketch a somewhat analogous theory for a model of the multiverse. The quantum theory of computation is useful in this investigation because, as we shall see, the structure of the multiverse is determined by information flow, and the universality of computation ensures that by studying quantum computational networks it is possible to obtain results about information flow that must also hold for quantum systems in general. This approach was used (…) to analyse information flow in the presence of entanglement. In that analysis, as in this one, no quantitative definition of information is required; the following two qualitative properties suffice: Information Flow structure Topology Property 1: A physical system S contains information about a parameter b if (though not necessarily only if) the probability of some outcome of some measurement on S alone depends on b. Property 2: A physical system S contains no information about b if (and for present purposes we need not take a position about ‘only if’) there exists a complete description of S that is independent of b. (…) an entity S qualifies as a ‘physical system’ if (but not necessarily only if) it is possible to store information in S and later to retrieve it. That is to say, it must be possible to cause S to satisfy the condition of Property 1 for containing information about some parameter b. It is implicit in this, and in Properties 1 and 2, that b must be capable of taking more than one possible value, so there must exist some suitable sense in which if S contained different information it would still be the same physical system. This condition raises interesting questions about the counter-factual nature of information which it will not be necessary to address here. It is also necessary that S be identifiable as the same system over time. This is particularly straightforward if S is causally autonomous – that is to say, if its evolution depends on nothing outside itself.”

Automations and Quantum theoremsQuantum Superpositions provides a mechanism for directing information in the space. Information directed in a continuum of directions, by superimposing localized states at neighboring locations with constant relative phase between them. …

Observed Stochastic MotionsImagine what you’d see if you could magnify details as small as ~10-35 m. As an example, the hypotetical orbits where 114 years ago the British physicist Rutherford assumed the electron of the Hydrogen atom to be revolving around a nucleus. …


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Total Cost of Ownership of a Full Containers Electronic Inspector, on base of its Fill Level Inspection TechnologyCounting the number of Technologies existing for the measurement of the fill level in Bottling Lines, we encounter at least seven different. …

Physics of Triggering

When thinking to its applications in the industrial Machinery and equipments, whoever thinks to know what is a Trigger. Their most known examples all Container Presence electromagnetic detectors (i.e., photoelectric, inductive, by mean of ultrasounds, Gamma-rays) which let the Machinery operate. …

A Fundamental QuestionWhat Detectors detect? Their purpose is known: the conversion of light (photons) into electric currents (electrons). Photodetectors are among the most common optoelectronic devices; they automatically record pictures in the Electronic Inspectors’ cameras, the presence of labels in the Label Inspectors or the fallen bottles lying in a Conveyor belt. …

Information Retrieval approach to F&B Electromagnetic Measurements

IntroductionThe light generated by a LASER LED in the figure above may be used to detect an excessive inclination or height of a closure, and also the filling level of a beverage in a transparent container. …

The subject of Classification is studied by Statistics and Applied Probability Theory. It is concerned with the investigation of sets of objects in order to establish if they can be summarized in terms of a small number of classes of similar objects. …

Electronic Inspectors non-classic components

An optical rotary joint using injection moulded collimating optics ( Poisel, Ohm University of Applied Sciences/2013) Runt pulses & nonclassic Packaging Controls’ components     Also consumer cameras use a Trigger. …

Inspections in a Decohering EnvironmentWhat is a Measurement ?Measurement’s nature is like time, one those things we all know until we have to explain it to someone else. Explanation invariably passing thru the idea of comparison between a standard established before and something else. …

First In First Out Application to Food & Beverage packaging an ideadeveloped to handle the highest ProductionFIFO (First-In-First-Out) concept started to be applied some decades ago to industrial productions, specifically to manage the highest speed production lines. …

Introduction The language of Optoelectronics adopts its own special terminology, born along the developement of this branch of technology. In the following we are synthesizing in few lines the definition of the fundamental terms. Terms constantly repeated in the web pages of this site with reference to photodetectors in all their kinds. Signal-to-Noise Ratio The Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N) is expressed in terms of the noise in a particular bandwidth. It may be alternatively expressed in: decibels, ratio of a number to the standard deviation of the number in a particular count duration. Equivalent Noise Input The Equivalent Noise Input (ENI) is defined as that value of input flux that produces an rms signal current that is just equal to the root mean square (RMS) value of the noise current in a specified bandwidth (usually 1 Hz). Other parameters such as frequency, the type of light modulation, and temperature should also be specified. Equivalent Noise Input characteristics are useful in determining the threshold of detection in equivalents of the input flux in watts or lumens. Noise Current There are various sources of noise or current fluctuation which interfere with the precise measurement of the signal current. Dark current has a random fluctuation as does signal current. When the individual pulse can be observed, these fluctuations are manifest in the random arrival of the dark or signal pulses. Sometimes, the noise in the associated components, such as thermal (or Johnson) noise in the coupling resistor or amplifier noise, is dominant. Noise Equivalent Power Noise equivalent power (NEP) is essentially the flux in watts incident on the detector which gives a Signal-to-Noise ratio of unity. The frequency bandwidth and the frequency at which the radiation is chopped must be specified as well as the spectral content of the radiation. The two most common spectral specifications are for total radiation from a black body whose temperature is 500 K or monochromatic radiation at the peak of the detector response. Detectivity Detectivity is the reciprocal of the Noise Equivalent Power and expressed in 1/watt. Has to be considered as a figure of merit providing the same information as the Noise Equivalent Power but describes the characteristics such that the lower the radiation level to which the photodetector can respond, the higher the detectivity. Specific Detectivity Because the Noise Equivalent Power for many types of IR photodetectors is proportional to the square root of the sensitive area (A) and to the square root of the bandwidth (B) of the measuring system, a specific detectivity (D*) has been defined which permits a comparison of sensors of different areas measured in different bandwidths. Incident Flux The response of a photodetector is evaluated in terms of the flux incident on the sensitive area of the detector. The flux may be specified as the: number of quanta per second at some wavelength, radiant flux in a narrow wavelength band, radiant flux over a wide band of wavelengths, luminous flux, luminous density, per unit area, in the plane of the device aperture, in a surface. Responsivity and Signal Current The term responsivity (R) is used to describe the sensitivity of the photosensor and is the ratio of the output current or voltage to the input flux in watt or lumen.

IntroductionThe language of Optoelectronics adopts its own special terminology, born along the developement of this branch of technology. In the following we are synthesizing in few lines the definition of the fundamental terms. …

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