Packagings


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CansCans are today one of the most used materials for Beverage Packaging, with 34% of the worldwide packaging applications. Following their application in the Food and Beverage industry, cans are divided in two categories:…

Links to the pages:Glass bottlesThe figure above (credit Diageo plc) shows a fact: however ancient, glass bottles are never demode’, adding value and Quality to whatever they contain. In the following we’ll examine some basic subjects like their manufacturing and the rules to read the markings visible around their base are not so known. …

PET BottlesPET is composed by ethylene and paraxylene. Their derivatives, respectively named ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, react at high temperature pressure. The result is amorphous PET. …


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Total Cost of Ownership of a Full Containers Electronic Inspector, on base of its Fill Level Inspection TechnologyCounting the number of Technologies existing for the measurement of the fill level in Bottling Lines, we encounter at least seven different. …

Physics of Triggering

When thinking to its applications in the industrial Machinery and equipments, whoever thinks to know what is a Trigger. Their most known examples all Container Presence electromagnetic detectors (i.e., photoelectric, inductive, by mean of ultrasounds, Gamma-rays) which let the Machinery operate. …

A Fundamental QuestionWhat Detectors detect? Their purpose is known: the conversion of light (photons) into electric currents (electrons). Photodetectors are among the most common optoelectronic devices; they automatically record pictures in the Electronic Inspectors’ cameras, the presence of labels in the Label Inspectors or the fallen bottles lying in a Conveyor belt. …

Information Retrieval approach to F&B Electromagnetic Measurements

IntroductionThe light generated by a LASER LED in the figure above may be used to detect an excessive inclination or height of a closure, and also the filling level of a beverage in a transparent container. …

The subject of Classification is studied by Statistics and Applied Probability Theory. It is concerned with the investigation of sets of objects in order to establish if they can be summarized in terms of a small number of classes of similar objects. …

Electronic Inspectors non-classic components

An optical rotary joint using injection moulded collimating optics ( Poisel, Ohm University of Applied Sciences/2013) Runt pulses & nonclassic Packaging Controls’ components     Also consumer cameras use a Trigger. …

Inspections in a Decohering EnvironmentWhat is a Measurement ?Measurement’s nature is like time, one those things we all know until we have to explain it to someone else. Explanation invariably passing thru the idea of comparison between a standard established before and something else. …

First In First Out Application to Food & Beverage packaging an ideadeveloped to handle the highest ProductionFIFO (First-In-First-Out) concept started to be applied some decades ago to industrial productions, specifically to manage the highest speed production lines. …

Introduction The language of Optoelectronics adopts its own special terminology, born along the developement of this branch of technology. In the following we are synthesizing in few lines the definition of the fundamental terms. Terms constantly repeated in the web pages of this site with reference to photodetectors in all their kinds. Signal-to-Noise Ratio The Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N) is expressed in terms of the noise in a particular bandwidth. It may be alternatively expressed in: decibels, ratio of a number to the standard deviation of the number in a particular count duration. Equivalent Noise Input The Equivalent Noise Input (ENI) is defined as that value of input flux that produces an rms signal current that is just equal to the root mean square (RMS) value of the noise current in a specified bandwidth (usually 1 Hz). Other parameters such as frequency, the type of light modulation, and temperature should also be specified. Equivalent Noise Input characteristics are useful in determining the threshold of detection in equivalents of the input flux in watts or lumens. Noise Current There are various sources of noise or current fluctuation which interfere with the precise measurement of the signal current. Dark current has a random fluctuation as does signal current. When the individual pulse can be observed, these fluctuations are manifest in the random arrival of the dark or signal pulses. Sometimes, the noise in the associated components, such as thermal (or Johnson) noise in the coupling resistor or amplifier noise, is dominant. Noise Equivalent Power Noise equivalent power (NEP) is essentially the flux in watts incident on the detector which gives a Signal-to-Noise ratio of unity. The frequency bandwidth and the frequency at which the radiation is chopped must be specified as well as the spectral content of the radiation. The two most common spectral specifications are for total radiation from a black body whose temperature is 500 K or monochromatic radiation at the peak of the detector response. Detectivity Detectivity is the reciprocal of the Noise Equivalent Power and expressed in 1/watt. Has to be considered as a figure of merit providing the same information as the Noise Equivalent Power but describes the characteristics such that the lower the radiation level to which the photodetector can respond, the higher the detectivity. Specific Detectivity Because the Noise Equivalent Power for many types of IR photodetectors is proportional to the square root of the sensitive area (A) and to the square root of the bandwidth (B) of the measuring system, a specific detectivity (D*) has been defined which permits a comparison of sensors of different areas measured in different bandwidths. Incident Flux The response of a photodetector is evaluated in terms of the flux incident on the sensitive area of the detector. The flux may be specified as the: number of quanta per second at some wavelength, radiant flux in a narrow wavelength band, radiant flux over a wide band of wavelengths, luminous flux, luminous density, per unit area, in the plane of the device aperture, in a surface. Responsivity and Signal Current The term responsivity (R) is used to describe the sensitivity of the photosensor and is the ratio of the output current or voltage to the input flux in watt or lumen.

IntroductionThe language of Optoelectronics adopts its own special terminology, born along the developement of this branch of technology. In the following we are synthesizing in few lines the definition of the fundamental terms. …

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